Exploring Fathers' Experiences of Paternal Postpartum Depression
During the Extended Postpartum Period (3-12 Months): A Systematic Review

Abstract: Paternal postpartum depression (PPPD) is a growing yet under-recognized mental health concern, particularly in non-Western contexts such as India, where fathers' emotional experiences are often overlooked. The postpartum period is commonly studied from the point of view of the mother. However, understanding the views of fathers shall help in augmenting the well-being of fathers, mothers, and their children. The present systematic review aims to synthesise existing research on fathers' experiences of postpartum depression during the extended postpartum period (3—12 months). Studies were identified using electronic databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and Scopus. This article focuses on peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025. A total of 70 records were synthesized, out of which 35 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. Using thematic synthesis, recurring patterns related to emotional vulnerability, sleep disturbance, financial and social pressure, provider-role stress, work—family role conflict, lack of emotional expression, relationship strain, challenges in father—infant bonding, coping strategies, and limited support systems were found. Findings were interpreted using the biopsychosocial framework, highlighting how psychological distress interacts with biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. The systematic review highlights the need for father-inclusive screening, culturally sensitive mental health interventions, and offers implications for policy development in terms of paternity leave and paternal mental health support provisions, especially within the Indian socio-cultural context.